Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.

Here are some example conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions	Subordinating Conjunctions
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so	although, because, since, unless

We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.

Form

Conjunctions have three basic forms:

• Single Word
  for example: and, but, because, although
  
• Compound (often ending with as or that)
  for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
  
• Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
  for example: so...that

Function

Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":

• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
  - Jack and Jill went up the hill.
  - The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
  
• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:
  - I went swimming although it was cold.

Position

• Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
  
• Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.

By,

Teacher Ruby

INTERJECTION

Hi! That's an interjection. :-)

Interjection is a big name for a little word.

Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah!They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. 

An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

Click on the video!

The table below shows some interjections with examples.

1. interjection	meaning	example
   ah	expressing pleasure	"Ah, that feels good."
   	expressing realization	"Ah, now I understand."
   	expressing resignation	"Ah well, it can't be heped."
   	expressing surprise	"Ah! I've won!"
   alas	expressing grief or pity	"Alas, she's dead now."
   dear	expressing pity	"Oh dear! Does it hurt?"
   	expressing surprise	"Dear me! That's a surprise!"
   eh	asking for repetition	"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."
   	expressing enquiry	"What do you think of that, eh?"
   	expressing surprise	"Eh! Really?"
   	inviting agreement	"Let's go, eh?"
   er	expressing hesitation	"Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."
   hello, hullo	expressing greeting	"Hello John. How are you today?"
   	expressing surprise	"Hello! My car's gone!"
   hey	calling attention	"Hey! look at that!"
   	expressing surprise, joy etc	"Hey! What a good idea!"
   hi	expressing greeting	"Hi! What's new?"
   hmm	expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement	"Hmm. I'm not so sure."
   oh, o	expressing surprise	"Oh! You're here!"
   	expressing pain	"Oh! I've got a toothache."
   	expressing pleading	"Oh, please say 'yes'!"
   ouch	expressing pain	"Ouch! That hurts!"
   uh	expressing hesitation	"Uh...I don't know the answer to that."
   uh-huh	expressing agreement	"Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."
   um, umm	expressing hesitation	"85 divided by 5 is...um...17."
   well	expressing surprise	"Well I never!"
   	introducing a remark	"Well, what did he say?"

By,

Teacher Eisha

Adverb Song

By,
Teacher Hamimi

What Is An Adverb?

An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even otheradverbs (It works very well).

We can usually recognise an adverb by its:

1. Function (Job)
2. Form
3. Position

1. Function of adverb

The main function or job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the word that it modifies is initalics.

• Modify a verb:
  - John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
  - Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
  - She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)
  
• Modify an adjective:
  - He is really handsome. (How handsome is he?)
  
• Modify another adverb:
  - She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?)

2. Form of adverb

Many adverbs end in -ly. We form such adverbs by adding -ly to the adjective. Here are some examples:

• quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly

But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. "Friendly", for example, is an adjective.

Some adverbs have no particular form, for example:

• well, fast, very, never, always, often, still

3. Position of adverb

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:

• Front (before the subject):
  - Now we will study adverbs.
  
• Middle (between the subject and the main verb):
  - We often study adverbs.
  
• End (after the verb or object):
  
  - We study adverbs carefully.

By,
Teacher Hamimi

What Is Preposition?

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:

The book is on the table.

The book is beneath the table.

The book is leaning against the table.

The book is beside the table.

She held the book over the table.

She read the book during class.

Examples of Preposition Words

We have seen what is a preposition, what is a prepositional phrase, as well as examples of prepositional phrase. Now we will see the examples of prepositions, but before that you may want to read on whom vs who grammar rule. 

Preposition	Examples
About	I will tell you a story about a lion.
Above	The plane flies above the clouds.
Across	They walked across the field.
After	After lunch, I shall complete the remaining task.
Against	I helped her going against the wishes of my loved ones.
Along	All along the way, she did not speak a word.
Among	The profit was shared among the shareholders.
Around	Due to the snow, we turned around to return back home.
At	The land is at war with its neighbor.
Before	She had decided to quit before Christmas, but changed her plan.
Behind	The church is located behind the supermarket.
Below	The temperatures have dipped below freezing point.
Beneath	The water level is beneath the average level.
Beside	When we were in school, I used to sit beside her in class.
Besides	Besides maths, I am very fond of history.
Between	The profit was shared between the three of them.
Beyond	The play was beyond my expectations.
But	Everyone but her agreed with the arrangement.
By	A house by the sea, to retire, is my dream
Concerning	He is always curious about anything concerning her.
Despite	Despite the snowfall, she decided to carry on with her journey.
Down	Jimmy lives down the street.
During	She works during the day and studies at night.
Except	Except her no one has any objections to the plan.
For	I jog for 10 miles everyday.
From	She comes from Argentina.
In	When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
Inside	Inside the tough exterior, lies a gentle soul.
Into	As soon as she stepped into the room, there was pin drop silence.
Like	She looks like her father.
Minus	Ten minus eight equals two.
Near	They have bought a new home near the school.
Of	A friend of mine recommended the beautician to me.
Off	To regain her lost health, it is important, she stays off her fad diet programs.
On	There is an apple on the table.
Onto	He always climbs onto the table.
Opposite	Her desk is located diagonally opposite my desk.
Out of	Out of sheer curiosity, I asked her the question.
Outside	Outside the house lies a beautiful garden.
Over	The journey cost me way over my budget.
Past	She walked past me, but refused to acknowledge my presence.
Per	What was the per person cost incurred?
Plus	Eight plus six equals fourteen.
Since	She was waiting for him since ten in the morning.
Through	I slept all through the day.
Throughout	Throughout winter, she has been sick.
To	I am going to Atlanta, before I head back home.
Toward (s)	It started raining towards the evening.
Under	The road is under repair.
Underneath	She found her earring underneath the carpet.
Until	I did not get the documents until 5 pm.
Upon	Once upon a time, there lived a king.
Up	I walked up the stairs, to see the problem.
Up to	The decision is up to the both of them.
Versus	The last game was England versus France.
Via	I will go via Sydney.
With	She walked in with her new boyfriend.
Within	She caters to customers within a radius of 5 miles.
Without	I never leave my house without an umbrella, due to the uncertain weather.

By,

Teacher Hamimi

Singular Noun

The simple definition is: a person, place or thing. Here are some examples:

• person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
• place: home, office, town, countryside, America
• thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

Here are some pictures too....

This is a doctor . Doctor is noun for person

This is a placed call Hospital . Hospital is noun for places.

This is a pencil. Pencil is a noun for thing.

Now, you can describe what are nouns for place, thing and person. so, students list me 10 nouns for places, thing and person and email it to me syaxana@yahoo.com . I will check up your answers as soon as possible. Never Give Up!

By,
Teacher Xana

Simple Past Tense

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past Tense is to talk about situations which happened in the past.

EXAMPLE

I walked to school yesterday.

I played monopoly with Aiman just now.


Aishah and Suraya had cleaned the table yesterday.


Today i'm just going to concentrate on past tense for verb . It will be more easy and specific for the students to understand. Here are  video that you can watch:

Verb means action . Thing that we do like run, read, walk, learn etc. In terms of past tense when in writing we must add "ed" to shows things we do in the past . simple isn't it? Hereby I include an exercise for you to test your knowledge . Good luck !

WORKSHEET

By,

Teacher Xana

EXERCISE COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS

CLICK HERE

By,

Teacher Ruby

Common and Proper Noun

Common Noun

A common noun is a word that names people, places, things, or ideas. They are not the names of a single person, place or thing.
A common noun begins with a lowercase letter unless it is at the beginning of a sentence.
For example:-

People:-

man, girl, boy, mother, father, child, person, teacher, student

Animals:-

cat, dog, fish, ant, snake

Things:-

book, table, chair, phone

Places:-

school, city, building, shop

Ideas:-

love, hate, idea, pride



Proper Noun


A proper noun is the special word (or name) that we use for a person, place or organization, like John, Marie, London, France or Sony. A name is a noun, but a very special noun - a proper noun. Proper nouns have special rules.

common noun	proper noun
man, boy	John
woman, girl	Mary
country, town	England, London
company	Ford, Sony
shop, restaurant	Maceys, McDonalds
month, day of the week	January, Sunday
book, film	War & Peace, Titanic

ADJECTIVE WORKSHEET

Exercise

Color in the picture and then find adjectives to describe 11 things.

More exercise here!

By,

Teacher Ruby

ADJECTIVES

What are adjectives?

• Adjectives are used to clarify nouns.
• Adjectives can be one word or a group of words.
• Adjectives can also be used with certain verbs (such as the verb "to be"). Adjectives are used to clarify the subject that is doing the action, adjectives  are not used to clearify the verb.
• Adjectives are used to describe color, material, shape, size, amount, price, quality, origin, personality, weight, temperature, weight, age, direction, etc.

Some common adjectve ends are -ive, -ous, -y, -ful,-ent.

Adjective Usage

• Adjectives are placed before the noun.
• The form of the adjectives stay the same for all types of nouns.
• Adjectives can be used with all forms of nouns (see nouns).

Examples:

Adjectives With Nouns:

• My teacher is really nice.
• I was teaching in a really big high school, while I was working on my master's degree.
• The university that my oldest brother is going to is really nice.
• The English teacher gave us a hard project to do this year.

Adjective With Verbs:

• Our English teacher is tall and thin.
• Our professor is a really nice man.

By,
Teacher Ruby